What causes kidney stones (and what to do)
Calcium stones are the most common type of kidney stones, and can be either calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. As mentioned, good hydration is important to prevent calcium stones. It …
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Major and Trace Elements in Human Kidney Stones: A …
Kidney stone disease affects people globally, with its prevalence on the rise. Given the importance of elements' function in formation of kidney stones, this study investigated major and trace element content in thirty kidney stone samples from patients in Beijing. The kidney stone samples included inorganic components (calcium oxalate …
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Update on the Medical Management of Kidney Stones
Uric acid stones. The most prevalent urinary abnormality causing uric acid stones is low urine pH. 31 Uric acid is a weak organic acid with pKa 5.35 at 37 0 C. In acidic urine, its solubility ...
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Kidney Stones | Johns Hopkins Medicine
Kidney stones are hard objects, made up of millions of tiny crystals. Most kidney stones form on the interior surface of the kidney, where urine leaves the kidney tissue and enters the urinary collecting system. Kidney stones can be small, like a tiny pebble or grain of sand, but are often much larger. The job of the kidneys is to maintain the ...
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Kidney Stone Dissolution Therapy in Phosphate Stones: A …
These stones precipitate in alkaline urine (pH >7.2). Infectious stones are primarily composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate but may in addition contain calcium phosphate in the form of carbonate apatite. 2. Struvite stones are formed as a result of urinary tract infection with urease-producing bacteria.
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A comprehensive look at kidney stones
Other stones are composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), calcium carbonate apatite, or a combination of the two. ... Other studies have found the association between kidney stones and ...
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Risk Profile of Patients with Brushite Stone Disease and the …
1. Introduction. Brushite and carbonate apatite are the most common calcium phosphate stones [1,2].Although brushite-containing calculi account for only 1.3% of all urinary stones [], brushite nephrolithiasis is characterized by a recurrence rate of up to 75%, which is higher than most other types of stones [].The brushite content of stones …
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Kidney Stone Disease: An Update on Current Concepts
Kidney stone disease is a crystal concretion formed usually within the kidneys. It is an increasing urological disorder of human health, affecting about 12% of the world population. ... CaP may be present in the form of hydroxyapatite, carbonate apatite, or brushite (calcium monohydrogen phosphate dihydrate, CaHPO4·2H2O). Brushite is …
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Nanobacteria: an infectious cause for kidney stone formation
Nanobacteria produce carbonate apatite on their cell walls. Data on Randall's plaques suggest that apatite may initiate kidney stone formation. We assessed nanobacteria in 72 consecutively collected kidney stones from Finnish patients. Methods: Nanobacteria and kidney stone units were compared using scanning electron microscopy (SEM ...
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Renal struvite stones—pathogenesis, microbiology, and
This group also reported a positive culture rate of 65% for stones containing carbonate apatite, leading them to conclude that if carbonate apatite is identified in the stone, it is likely that ...
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Nephrolithiasis
Stone composition: magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and carbonate apatite ("triple phosphate") Chronic or recurrent urinary tract infection, anatomic abnormality of urinary tract (neurogenic bladder, indwelling prosthetic devices)
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Kidney stones: pathophysiology and medical management
The high concentrations of urinary bicarbonate also increase carbonate, leading to the formation of carbonate apatite stones. The rate of growth of struvite can be rapid and extensive, and staghorn formation is literally a calcareous cast of the collecting system, a common feature with this stone type.
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Protein content of human apatite and brushite kidney stones
Apatite and brushite kidney stones share calcium and phosphate as their main inorganic components. We tested the hypothesis that these stone types differ in the amount of proteins present in the stones. Intact stones were intensively analyzed by microcomputed tomography (micro CT) for both morphology (including the volume of voids, i.e., space ...
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HOW TO READ YOUR KIDNEY STONE LAB REPORT – Calcium stones
There will be three supersaturations: Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and uric acid. Inspect the ones related to your stone crystals. For calcium oxalate both calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate supersaturations matter. If calcium phosphate, that one matters most. If pure uric acid, it is uric acid supersaturation.
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Kidney Stone Pathophysiology, Evaluation and …
Kidney stones are frequently manifestations of underlying systemic medical conditions such as the metabolic syndrome, genetic disorders, or endocrinopathies. ... Composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate and calcium carbonate-apatite, these rapidly growing stones can fill the entire renal pelvis.
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Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Kidney Stones
Uric Acid Stones. Limit animal protein. Eating animal protein may increase your chances of developing kidney stones. A health care professional may tell you to limit eating animal protein, including. beef, chicken, and pork, especially organ meats. eggs. fish and shellfish. milk, cheese, and other dairy products.
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Nanobacteria: An infectious cause for kidney stone formation
Scanning electron microscopy images of the spherical units in the carbonate apatite kidney stones were clearly similar in size and morphology to the mineralized forms of nanobacteria cultured under SF conditions Figure 1 a–c. Additionally, the same samples showed positive IFS with mAbs against nanobacteria Figure 1 d, e. IFS was positive also …
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Kidney stone analysis: "Give me your stone, I will tell you …
An infrequent cause of CaPh stones is a kidney cells impairment to excrete protons as observed in inherited distal acidification defect or acquired auto-immune diseases such as Sjogren's syndrome. In such metabolic diseases, urinary calculi are mainly composed of carbapatite with a very high content of CaPh, often above 80 % of …
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KIDNEY STONE TYPES | Kidney Stone Program
Each kidney stone crystal creates its own unique illness and requires specific treatment. That is why we name stones by the names of their crystals and why …
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An apatite for kidney stones | Nature Geoscience
Bruce Fouke explores the biomineralization of calcium oxalate and apatite kidney stones and the opportunities that lie at the intersection of geology, biology and medicine; a transdisciplinary ...
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Nutritional Management of Kidney Stones …
Kidney stone prevention should be individualized in both its medical and dietary management, keeping in mind the specific risks involved for each type of stones. …
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Urological Guidelines for Kidney Stones: Overview and …
Calcium Phosphate Stones. Brushite and carbonate apatite are two different mineral forms in which calcium phosphate stones can appear; ... Kidney stone disease is a worldwide prevalent disease, and, due to various factors, especially diet- and climate-related, the prevalence across all ages, races, and sexes is showing an upward …
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Kidney stones in adults: Evaluation of the patient …
Magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals – Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and calcium carbonate apatite are the constituents of struvite …
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High carbonate level of apatite in kidney stones implies
Those specimens designated as carbonate apatite (n = 7) had on average a greater carbonate content (16.9 ± 2.9 %, P < 0.004 by t test). All seven of the patients designated as having carbonate apatite stones also had a positive stone culture, compared with only 24 of the 44 designated as hydroxyapatite (P < 0.05, Fisher's exact …
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Nutritional Management of Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis)
Kidney stone prevention should be individualized in both its medical and dietary management, keeping in mind the specific risks involved for each type of stones. ... (struvite) and calcium carbonate-apatite. Urease breaks down urinary urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide: Urea → 2NH 3 + CO 2. The ammonia produced by this reaction then ...
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Brushite: Key to Calcium Stone Prevention | Kidney Stone …
My recent kidney stone analysis is comprised of these components dated 7/21/2021; 1. 20% calcium oxalate (monohydrate and dihydrate) 2. 60% calcium monohydrogen phosphate dihydrate (brushite) 3. 20% calcium phosphate (hydroxy-and carbonate-apatite) one of my stones was 9mm. Any advise, help, or analysis would be …
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Kidney stones and urinary infections
Urinary infections and kidney stones can be related in two important ways. Infections can be the direct cause of stones or can develop in a patient with a non-infection related kidney stone. ... Infection stones can also contain carbonate apatite and monoammonium urate. These stones can become quite large and fill up an entire …
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carbonate apatite kidney stone | HealthTap
Which is better for bone health: calcium carbonate or calcium citrate? specifically, which one has a higher chance of causing kidney stones? 4 doctors weighed in across 2 answers. how are carbonate apatite kidney stones treated? and is a metabollic evaluation suggested? i have 6 stones largest is 4 mm: Evaluation: Treatment of kidney stones is ...
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Kidney stones | Nature Reviews Disease Primers
Kidney stones form when the urine becomes supersaturated with respect to a mineral, leading to crystal formation, growth, aggregation and retention within the kidneys. In this Primer, Khan et al ...
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